: Pedagogy trumps programmes How a focus on pedagogy over programs can drive pupil success.

Evidence shows that high-quality teaching is the most important factor in improving attainment, especially for disadvantaged and vulnerable pupils. Every child has the right to a quality education and schools should use evidence-informed practices to ensure that high-quality teaching and learning are the norm.

To achieve this, continuous Staff development is key to ensuring all pupils receive a high-quality education. Teaching is a complex task, and continuous professional growth is essential for improving pupil outcomes. Teacher subject knowledge, curriculum understanding and pedagogical expertise underpin effective teaching and learning.

A strong foundation in whole class instruction (Tier 1) is critical for success. Effective Tier 1 teaching benefits most students and reduces the need for interventions at Tiers 2 and 3. Research shows that pupils with special educational needs (SEND) do not require radically different instruction; good teaching for struggling pupils is good teaching for all. A relentless leadership focus on quality instruction empowers teachers to continually refine their craft, rather than chasing after a ​‘silver bullet’ solution.

A Tiered Approach to Instruction
We can think of effective instruction in terms of tiers, each representing a different level of support required by pupils.

Exemplary Tier 1 instruction supports around 80% of pupils in learning to read, write and spell effectively. It provides all pupils with structured, high-quality teaching, including clear objectives, explicit modelling and ample practice. For most, this foundation is sufficient without additional interventions.

However, about 15% may require Tier 2 small-group support to address specific learning gaps and catch up with their peers. With targeted instruction, many can return to Tier 1 progress.

A smaller group, roughly 5%, will need Tier 3 intensive, individualised interventions over a longer period. These tailored supports address unique needs and are essential for pupils who struggle despite excellent classroom teaching.

Strengthening Tier 1 instruction
The best way to reduce the need for interventions in Tiers 2 and 3 is to ensure that Tier 1 instruction is as strong as possible. High-quality whole class teaching minimises the number of pupils who fall behind. This approach recognises that the foundation of good teaching — clear instruction, structured activities and high success rates — works for all students, including those with SEND. By focusing on improving Tier 1 instruction, teachers can ensure that the majority of students are well-supported and able to succeed.

Pedagogy transcends programmes
Schools are often bombarded with programmes marketed as silver bullets, promising revolutionary results. However, it’s important to remember that everything works somewhere, but nothing works everywhere. In the quest to improve pupil outcomes, an important principle is that pedagogy surpasses programmes. High-quality teaching practices and professional judgement are far more impactful than relying on pre-packaged, one-size-fits-all programmes.

While off the shelf programmes can serve as helpful tools, they are not substitutes for skilled instruction, deep subject knowledge and effective pedagogical practices. Teachers must possess a strong understanding of their content, aligned instructional strategies and routines that help students internalise concepts, develop critical thinking skills and embed deep learning.

To truly elevate teaching, professional development should prioritise not just content knowledge, but also the instructional techniques that enable educators to diagnose and respond to diverse pupil needs effectively.

Beyond programmes
True teaching happens when teachers have the knowledge and confidence to bring their subjects to life. Instead of relying solely on scripted lessons, effective teachers model skills and ideas for students, providing examples of fully developed concepts and demonstrating real-world problem-solving.

As Dylan Wiliam stated, ​“Neither the intended curriculum nor the implemented curriculum is the real curriculum… Pedagogy trumps curriculum.” In other words, the most important aspect of education is how the curriculum is taught, not just what is being taught. Teachers play a crucial role in creating the ​‘enacted’ curriculum – what students actually experience in the classroom.

Empowering teachers through professional development
To ensure that teachers are equipped to provide high-quality instruction, professional development must go beyond merely offering training on ​“what works.” Instead, it should focus on building professional judgement, reflection and a deep understanding of how to adapt strategies to meet diverse learners’ needs as and when they arise. Leaders must empower their staff to make decisions based on their professional knowledge and the specific context of their classrooms.

Sustained professional development that encourages practice, reflection, and collaboration is crucial to improving the quality of instruction. When teachers have the confidence and skills to implement effective practices, students benefit — especially those who might otherwise need additional support in Tiers 2 or 3. Ultimately, the main focus of professional development should be on enhancing the teacher, not just the lesson. Through ongoing development, educators will be better equipped to support students in future challenges they have not yet encountered, fostering continuous improvement for both teacher and learner.

Good teaching reaches all
When Tier 1 instruction is robust and effective, it reduces the need for further interventions. Teachers can focus on ensuring that every student has access to high-quality teaching that meets their needs. This approach not only supports struggling learners but also strengthens the learning experience for all students.

By prioritising pedagogy over programmes, teachers are better equipped to guide their pupils toward success, reducing the number of learners who require Tier 2 or Tier 3 interventions. Good teaching reaches all. Quality whole class instruction is the foundation of effective education. By strengthening Tier 1 teaching and empowering teachers with the tools they need, we can create classrooms where every pupil has the opportunity to succeed, regardless of their starting point.

Taking it further:
Read the EEF’s guidance report on Effective Professional Develop

Attend our online webinars on Effective Professional Development – webinar series